Welcome and Keynote with Tim O'Reilly

well good morning everyone my name is Steve Carson and I'm the president of the open cor sare Consortium it's my pleasure oh thank you it's my pleasure on behalf of the board of the Consortium the staff and the membership to welcome everyone here to Cambridge Massachusetts for the 2011 Global open courseware Consortium meeting I'd like to thank our host institutions MIT in UMass Boston and especially the staff from those institutions who' served on the conference committee for their efforts in making this day possible and I'd especially like to thank Brandon mamatsu for his efforts he's the co-chair with me on the conference committee and he's worked very hard in the last couple of months to make this conference a success and I'd finally like to thank our sponsor next uh credit college credit advisor Services uh there's a table out back you can learn more about what they have to offer this event is a pleasure for me in two ways first it's really a pleasure to welcome all of my friends and colleagues from around the world here to my home campus at Mi and second it's really wonderful for me to finally be able to share the Vitality the creativity and the commitment of that Global Community with my colleagues here at MIT I've been very fortunate to be the public face of the MIT open courseware program in the past couple of years and every time I go to another conference or meet with another project I really wish there was a way I could bottle up the energy of those uh programs and bring it here to my colleagues at MIT so they could see how much is going on in the open courseware Community around the world and well I'm happy to say I've finally been able to do it today uh today we begin a three-day celebration of the past the present and the future of open courseware uh this morning our keynote Tim O'Reilly will help us examine the influences that help to shape the open course sare concept and a panel to follow I'm very excited to have many of the uh faculty and administrators who were involved in developing the the MIT open courseware project here uh to talk about the deliberations that went into that decision and this afternoon we'll hear from some of the schools and organizations that were early adopters of the open course Weare model tomorrow we'll begin to turn our attention to the current state and future of the open courseware of the open course Weare movement uh we will uh have a panel in the morning that I'm very excited about which will share some of the emerging open courseware programs around the world some of things that are going on at National and international levels uh which I think represent a new stage in the development of the movement and then we'll launch into the parallel sessions that I think are really the heart of the movement and uh help to share the richness the vitality and to uh project some of the future trajectories of the movement as well and finally uh I'm also very excited that tomorrow evening we'll hold our first presentations of our annual awards for open course Weare Excellence honoring individual uh project and course contributions to the movement and I think really helping to surface and share some of the Fantastic materials that are available through the open course Weare Consortium uh as you take in the breath of the ocw activity represented here I hope that you'll find the same sense of Amazement at the energy that the planning committee and I have experienced uh as we put this this three-day uh event together one bit of housekeeping before we begin please note uh the final voting period is open for the board of directors any eligible member who has not cast a ballot can vote until 5:00 p.m the ballots and literally a Ballot Box are sitting outside uh and you can also vote for bylaws changes as well uh we'll announce the results of the vote tomorrow morning at this time it's my pleasure to invite Dr Susan hawfield president of MIT to the stage to welcome the Consortium community on behalf of the hosting institutions Dr hawfield is a disting is distinguished both as a neuroscientist and a leader of academic institutions before taking on the leadership of MIT she served as Yale's dean of Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and later as its Provost the the University's Chief academic and administrative officer since 2004 she's served as mit's 16th president in addition to her leadership in fields including energy and cancer she's also been a champion of the open sharing movement here and around the world and we're delighted to have her with us today Dr Susan [Applause] hawfield thank you Stephen good morning to everybody I'm delighted to see so many of you here on behalf of the MIT community and our co-hosts tus un tfts University it's early in the morning still and University of Massachusetts Boston it's a tremendous honor to welcome the international open courseware Community to our campus um it's an exciting time for all of us and um as I was walking in several members of the MIT open course Weare Community uh told me how excited they were to be able to welcome their colleagues to campus and uh show you a little bit about MIT this spring as many of you know MIT has been celebrating our 150th anniversary and it's been a fascinating process uh among the things that have just been incredibly rewarding is uh delving into our history you know MIT often mostly thinks about the future we rarely have an opportunity to think about the past very much um but this spring we have been able to do that and uh through delving into our history um we have recalled in a very profound way the transformational educational Vision on which MIT was founded so over decades as a professor our founder and first president William Barton Rogers who was president at William and Mary and then University of Virginia watched as America's industrialization was proceeding and as he watched it he he lamented the lack of people who could work with both their minds and their hands people who could grasp the basic principles of Science and Engineering firmly enough to develop new machines new materials and new processes and so Rogers envisioned a new kind of educational institution he wanted to found what he called a Polytechnic Institute uh that would replace the wrote memorization of classical education with science and engineering mastered through problem solving and Hands-On research uh his new Institute would give young people the power to solve serious problems by developing new ideas and putting them into action a little bit like open courseware I would say now like open course Weare Hands-On learning wasn't unique to MIT at the time but just like open course Weare the idea took off to a degree that I think no one could have anticipated you'll hear later this morning from some of our faculty administrative leaders who first proposed mit's open course work program 10 years ago and I was just watching the um English subtitles of Tom magnati speaking uh saying it was the dumbest idea and indeed many thought it was an incredibly dumb idea however the majority of opinion MIT was that the faculty committee uh that was asked to come up with uh a a framework for this had hit on a really big idea but I have to say even with their understanding of how big an idea would have been would become no one would could have anticipated the size of this Gathering today or the phenomenal growth and vitality of the worldwide open course Weare movement over the last 10 years MIT ocw has had a tremendous impact on MIT itself transforming the ways we connect with students and alumni and the way we think about teaching and learning and additionally the way we think about our role in the world I expect this is true for everyone in this room who's participated in the ocw movement as the movement's taken off we've come to see how ocw and open sharing has magnified many times over our power to contribute to Global education the worldwide Embrace of MIT open course coursework continues to be incredibly gratifying I watched the numbers maybe not every month now I was watching them every month when I first started because I couldn't quite believe it um but every couple of months and it is just astonishing the pickup of these online tools students and faculty from more than 3,000 universities around the world have visited at the MIT site alone as have many millions of independent Learners from around the globe we received the most incredibly moving emails from users describing how MIT ocw has unlocked the doors to new worlds for them and the doors keep opening everywhere as more and more universities have joined movement bringing their own unique approaches to education to this fabulous online opportunity part of the Consortium story can be told in numbers we like numbers here at MIT Consortium now includes more than 250 universities of organizations representing 45 countries and regions around the world collectively Consortium members have published more than 15,000 courses MIT has contributed about 2,000 15,000 courses through the ocw Consortium these courses are published or translated in 12 languages including just to give you a a few catalon Chinese English Hebrew Japanese Spanish Turkish and vietnames National governments in at least five countries now have policies on the development and use of open educational resources it's attracting attention at high levels and this speaks to the superb quality of the movement in the latest US News and World um report ranking of the top 25 Global universities nine of them have open course Weare or open educational programs and 15 of the top 50 universities have them another incredibly potent aspect of the ocw Consortium story is the global leadership and cooperation its members demonstrate every day the Consortium counts among its members schools that you know everyone knows around the world schools like Oxford University University of California at Berkeley the University of Tokyo and soul National University and they work hand inand with universities as diverse as the University of the Western Cape in South Africa the virtual University of Pakistan and Utah Valley University a place in the United States I hadn't heard about before I engaged with the open course work Consortium the Consortium board of directors whom we're very honored to welcome draws its members from Japan South Korea Mexico the Netherlands Spain South Africa and the United States but perhaps most important the Consortium success Springs from the many thousands of Educators around the world from across cultures and continents who embraced the importance of knowledge as a public good and have chosen to freely share their intellectual resources so let me close on One Note um we can have no idea and no idea emerges without precedent no matter how Visionary an idea there is always some precedent by the year 2000 many forces stirring in the young internet inclined toward increasing openness from open source software to open licensing and mit's open courseware certainly Drew strength and in inspiration from those stirrings but at its heart I believe that open course Weare is properly the child of a far more ancient tradition a tradition that does not rely on technology but picks up technology as it's developed for as long as the Western world has had universities a defining feature of the academy has been the simultaneous pursuit of the same idea around the globe and the drive for people to come together around those ideas in a world that is too often fractured by conflict this tradition of the global intellectual Commons represents an important convening Force for humankind and a potent Force for unified Global action and the advancement of the common good if we nurture the global intellectual Commons by reaching out to work with collaborators around the world to share our knowledge freely and if we prepare our students to appreciate the value of This truly remarkable tradition so beautifully em embodied by the ocw Consortium we will go a long way to inventing a better future for all I know you will have a productive several days here and I look forward to the extraordinary ideas yet to come from this Century's global intellectual Commons welcome everybody to MIT thank you Dr hawfield okay we're fortunate to have one of the pioneers of openness uh in the digital age with us as our keynote this morning Tim O'Reilly of O'Reilly media publisher of books on technology and web related subjects uh he has described ay media as technology Transfer Company changing the World by spreading the spreading spreading the knowledge of innovators and he has experimented with the open licensing of some O'Reilly media titles as well uh Tim is a longtime supporter of free software and the open source movements and we're very fortunate to have him with us today to share his perspectives on other open movements that have influenced the development of open courseware and open educational resources uh we have a few we're running ahead of schedule by a few minutes so I have one quick personal O'Reilly media anecdote to share I wouldn't be here today uh actually if it weren't for an O'Reilly media book uh I graduated with my uh do or my uh uh gra my master's degree in the middle of the 1990s in creative writing and found out very quickly nobody was going to pay me to to write creatively um so I took a job as uh a an academic adviser in an adult an adult degree program across the river River and very quickly was advising students uh in the late '90s and early 2000 that were uh taking a summer web development course graduating from that summer course and making multiples of the amount of money I was making as their adviser and at the time I had no particular Technical Training but I felt like uh at at the turn of the century things were either going to pass me by at this point in my life or they were not and I was going to have to make a choice about that so I did what I think many thousands of people uh millions of people at the time were probably doing which was I picked up an O'Reilly book on HTML and taught myself some web programming of course by the time I had finished learning web programming the do com bubble had burst and there were no jobs in in web programming but it gave me the opportunity to experiment with distance learning and so I developed a distance learning course in introductory fiction which I taught for five years over at Emerson College and the experience of developing that course gave me the background in intellectual property gave me the background in uh working with faculty to create courses and also uh in the the web development skills uh that ultimately led to my involvement with the MIT open course sare program so uh with a quick thank you to Tim uh I'll now welcome him to the stage and look forward to hearing his comments on the nwork uh no going to take a moment to get set up here hope that's okay so uh I'm going to give you some perspectives on open from my years as an open source software evangelist and thinking about where all that was taking in the world uh I think some of these have uh fairly deep application to the future of uh shared online learning uh I hope you find them useful I'm going to start though by talking a little bit about how I think about my company which is in its own way as an education uh company as the story you just heard illustrates a great many people who have built the technology of the modern world are self-taught uh they learned uh you know from books from looking over the shoulder of other people from code because there were no courses um and I think that's often true at The Cutting Edge of course you have to have a foundation uh to do that and and that's where uh you know well-rounded education comes in but let me start with just this little framing of who we are you know we did start out as a computer book publisher uh but then we became known as a conference producer we know we put on events such as the web2 summit came up this fall you know web2 is probably the thing I'm most associated with now rather than open source but I'm going to tell you the story of how I got from one to the other uh we also uh publish online uh we have a a service used by millions of people called safari books online which is an online uh learning and u a reference resource and uh we're we have a uh Venture Capital fund and yeah might ask how is one company do all these different things you know are they just unrelated but we sort of think of them as all aspects of of a c a certain core vision and that is what we really do is we find interesting Technologies we find people who are innovating from The Edge and then we try to amplify their effectiveness by spreading the information that others need to follow them uh and our company goal I framed you know 10 or 15 years ago as changing the World by spreading the knowledge of innovators uh so we're really focused on a mission rather than how we do it so yes we started as a publisher but in my we also run this thing which I describe sometimes as a county fair with robots something called maker Fair we had 880,000 people in San Mato going around you know with kids playing with technology uh because what we're doing is um driven by a vision of how to help the future happen rather than by a vision of oh what we do is put words on paper and send it out to bookstores so uh you know some examples of how how we've we've uh kind of tried to watch the future you we created our first ebook in 1987 uh you know we were publishing about open source Linux 1991 we did the first popular book on the internet in 1992 uh and what was really remarkable I think as a sign of of how we approached the world somewhat differently than our competitors was that we featured with a major chapter uh in that book the worldwide web even though there were only 200 websit ites at the time we said this is important this is the future you got to pay attention and we were so excited that in fact we launched the first commercial website ourselves it was called the global Network Navigator was the first site on the web to have advertising I apologize for that and um you know we started talking about web services sorry about that and the idea that the internet was becoming a kind of oper ating system as early as 1997 1998 I organized the the meeting where the term open source was voted on and adopted by the leaders of all the major free software projects and then of course 2004 we coined the term web2.0 and it was really an outgrowth of our our company Mission we had spent some time in our strategic planning the previous year and what we decided we really needed to do after the.com bust is we were still in the dumps back then was we needed to re reframe things and restart enthusiasm in the computer industry because we thought there was still a lot more future ahead of us than behind us despite what everybody else thought and of course we launched Make magazine 2005 uh which was celebrating what we saw around us as hackers were starting to work with stuff again frontiers of manufacturing and the like it was really interesting I was just yesterday at the wired uh business conference which is this sort of very high profile conference for a business audience and now you know seven years six seven years later they're focusing on the kind of stuff that we started looking at seven years ago uh you know our core um Insight is perhaps captured really well by this uh wonderful quote from science fiction writer William Gibson who said the future is here it's just not evenly distributed yet and so a lot of what we do is based on the idea of watching people who I call the alpha Geeks uh there are people who can do whatever they want with technology so then we ask ourselves well what are they doing uh what are they playing with and um so for example the reason we started talking about web services uh 14 years ago was that all the hackers we knew were using websites as data sources they were doing screen scraping we had our own Service uh which we called Amar rank where we scraped Amazon every three hours to watch the changes in the ranks of computer books uh so that we could figure out what was succeeding and and we also could do competitive analysis on pricing and so on and I actually went up and showed this to Jeff Bezos uh and that was uh it played some small role in encouraging them to build web services rather than use this have people using this primitive Brute Force approach uh similarly uh when Wi-Fi was first introduced it was really proposed as a local area networking technology for corporate use we knew immediately that it was going to be everywhere because people like Rob Flickinger guy who was working for us as a system administrator at the time uh demonstrated how he had made a um a long range Wi-Fi antenna out of a Pringles can uh set it up on a rooftop and was beaming Wi-Fi down to his local coffee shop and so you know what the hackers are doing is often uh a good predictor and uh and so in particular uh in thinking about open source software which was something I was deeply involved with I became convinced that it predicted other kinds of collaborative development it prefigured you know Wikipedia it prefigured uh Google it prefigured uh so much of what we take for granted today uh in what some people call the participation age so a lot of how we do this is with a kind of pattern recognition uh you know we all have mental models of the world and they are maps and the maps sometimes are wrong and I'm going to kind of give you an illustration of this by going through some of um the evolution of the concept of open and open source and how I've tried to drive it so I was uh influenced as a kid when I was 14 years old I read this uh book science and Sanity by Alfred corsky um and csk's most famous statement was this the map is not the territory and of course it's illustrated by that wonderful mcgr uh painting this is not a pipe um and so but many people forget this and they get caught up in the mental models that they have uh you know so kind of going back to O'Reilly we didn't think as most Publishers think that what we did was to produce books uh we thought more deeply about our mission and what we did and we framed it as uh this kind of Technology transfer which then allowed us to Branch into other kinds of business so when I first engaged with free software I I was confronting a map that had been created by Richard stalman here of MIT who had uh a really interesting insight about the nature of software and a wonderful Mission and it was sparked by his frustration that software which in its early days was shared freely was becoming proprietary and he felt very strongly that users should have the right to have access to the source code so that they could modify it they could study how it worked uh they could redistribute copies freely and um you know he created this free software Manifesto and that really shaped everyone's thinking about what free softer was all about and because Richard was kind of a radical guy uh free softer was perceived as this Fringe phenomenon uh and uh something that was anti-b business something that was anti-commercial uh not long after Eric Raymond published an essay which later became a book uh which I published uh called the cathedral in the Bazaar in which he explored the idea of free software as a development methodology and the idea uh was that um there were two different models and one uh in one of them the developer built software in isolation and even if like Richard stalman he released it free to the world there wasn't really an engagement with the community but what Eric saw in the development of Linux uh the you know free kernel for what was to become uh a complete free operating system was the Linus was doing development in the open he was engaging with other developers and um he saw this as the bizarre model I had yet another framework for uh thinking about free and open source and it came from my exposure to the thinking of the original developers of Unix uh who argued that um the right way to design an operating system uh was to build small cooperating tools to have a small uh kernel that uh did the the central uh functions of the operating system but for many of the other functions to be developed by users uh or by other developers and I had grown up in my exposure to uh this world you know in in in a world that was really license agnostic early Unix development didn't match Richard stallman's uh free software licensing criteria but it was free enough and developers shared their code uh a lot of universities contributed and in particular I was deeply influenced by uh the development of the xwi system here at MIT um and and the the the the Berkeley uh Unix licenses and the MIT licenses were much much more liberal than the license that Richard stalman brought to the table with this very very political perspective U Kirk mcusic who ran the Berkeley Unix project uh once said you know Richard stalman talks about the evil of copyright and he's come up with this idea which he calls copy left here at Berkeley we just say take the code down to Copy Central and make copies of it Copy Central being a being a copy shop in Berkeley um and uh but what was really interesting in this design and really shape me and I I actually wrote this line that's in the Wikipedia uh entry uh on this book so this book is most valuable for its exposition of the Unix philosophy of small cooperating tools with standardized inputs and and outputs a philosophy that also shaped the end to end philosophy of the internet this philosophy in the architecture based on it that allowed open source project to be assembled into larger systems such as Linux without explicit coordination between developers now that was the thing that was really magical to me was that this entire operating system was built by thousands of different groups who didn't actually know each other who weren't working together who just contributed to a larger hole because all the pieces had they'd agreed on a few simple design rules and so I started watching this and how that played out over time and there was a really interesting comment made by lennus tals who created the the Linux Colonel uh in an interview he did with us uh for a book uh that we put together at a riy called open sources which is a collection of essays and interviews and he said I couldn't have written a new kernel for Microsoft Windows even if I had the source code the architecture just doesn't support that kind of thing so this was part of what shaped my thinking that maybe what was key was not the license to copy the license to study the source code it had something perhaps to do with the overall architecture of the system and we'll come back to that so I I wanted to communicate this story and uh early in my career I had come across this wonderful quote from Edwin schlosberg he said the skill of writing is to create a context in which other people can think and so I set about trying to reframe fr the story of free and open- Source software and um I did this at a meeting that was originally called The freear Summit in April of 1998 it was it later called The Open Source Summit because it was there that we uh got the developers of lenus talls from Linux people from the free software Foundation people from uh most of the leading uh free software projects of the day to get together to get to know each other to talk about their common issues and we discussed the limitations of the term free you know lonus who was a fin said I didn't realize there were two meanings of free in English when I first started using free software you that it meant both Libre and graus as he described it and so uh I I I said about first of all telling a new story and I want to illustrate this with a couple of of ey charts that you're not going to be able to read but maybe you can I'll post these slides later you can go look at these they're also in an article I wrote called uh REM making the peer-to-peer meme which uh in which I talked about peer-to-peer software and file sharing but I also used as an illustration my earlier work with with free software and I I kind of built a map of how you tell a story about the meaning of uh of what you do and this was the map that described how Richard stalman describe the free software world and and realistically even uh to some extent how Eric Raymond described it uh there were a canonical set of projects that all had to do with Richard's vision of how to build a free operating system uh so there was his the the uh the uh C compiler that he'd written uh the the text editor he'd written GX uh Linux the the colonel that had come along various other projects and the positioning the story was that we're building a replacement for the Unix operating system he he said that this was a moral issue for people and and um uh the way this map works there sort of a set of sort of aphorisms and and so on anyway it's kind of an interesting idea and I I kind of told a different story about open source which was that the real story was that Network enabled collaboration makes for better software and uh you know that we were really trying to understand internet era software development methodologies and the projects that I put up as models were not uh primarily Linux or it was really only part of the story I talked about uh the role of free software in building the internet I still remember uh it was a little bit like an experience I had when I was a uh a wicked teenager and I used to sneak out of the house at late at night I'd take my my dad's car had this a giant station wagon and I would push it out of the garage uh you know and and and and then ride it down the street you silently and then start it and go off in the middle of the night and I remember that feeling of pushing this big vehicle and it would gradually pick up speed and I had that same experience when I started telling this new story about free software uh you know because there was this idea that you know giving this stuff away for free was a radical idea and I started saying instead do you know what are the most Mission critical programs on the internet and people would scratch their head and they wouldn't really have an idea and they say do you know that when you have a domain name I'll give you yours mit.edu or the time I would say whatever ibm.com uh that your access to that computer via that domain name is taken care of by software that's maintained by a single long-haired programmer in Redwood City named Paul Vixie who has maintained for the last 20 years the software for the um uh for the domain name system uh bind the Berkeley internet name demon and they were like whoa and I I went down the list about send mail routing their email and Apache and so I told a very different story about What mattered and it was this idea of of of the internet of collaboration so on and I think that made a huge shift in how people thought so but then that wasn't the end of the story because I was really concerned that the open source Community wasn't really understanding the future either um so I should really give you this quote uh Ray cwell once said at a conference I thought something really brilliant he said I'm me inventor I became interested in long-term trends because an invention has to make sense in the world in which is finished not the world in which it started now we're all in that place where the world is moving and we change it as a result of what we do and we're Often burdened by the framing that we've given uh ourselves in the past and we have to free ourselves from that so I spent a lot of time thinking about where was this world of free and open source software going and I was obsessed in some ways with the story of what had happened during the PC revolution in fact it's kind of interesting because uh Eric Raymond first gave his talk his seminal talk on open source software uh the cathedral and the bizaar at a conference in verburg in 1997 and uh I at the same conference I gave my first talk on open source software and mine was called Hardware software and infoware and it was a meditation on the meaning of the PC Revolution as applied to open source software I developed the talk further over the years later it became called The Open Source paradigm shift and then eventually what is web2.0 uh but I'm going to kind of give you the the colonel I went back to one of my old presentations to get some of these slides uh to kind of give you this Con context but here's what I was thinking about in 1981 IBM was completely dominant in the computer industry kind of like IBM is dominant in engineering education and uh maybe not quite like that but um uh small unit within IBM wanted to play in the personal computer Market they were behind they came up with a clever strategy so they thought uh which was to build a PC out of commodity components they released the specifications for this computer so that other people could build them wasn't you know complete free licensing but it was free enough that for example Michael Dell started a PC company in his dorm room at University of Texas the market expanded a millionfold originally uh IBM's projection I think for the 10year lifetime of the IBM PC was that they would sell 400,000 units um I think they underestimated by a rather large number uh but that wasn't the end of the story uh the PC broke IBM's dominance over the computer system be because they did not know that as the PC became a commodity software would become valuable more valuable and a source of lockin and so they licensed away the operating system to this little company called Microsoft uh similarly Dell became the number one Vendor by embracing commodity economics and uh Intel figured out how to supply one key component so I thought well what are the parallels here in open source well looks to me like Linux is an operating system built out of commodity components uh the internet is driven by software that is also free uh commodity the market is expanding a millionfold uh in terms of of the web and so I was asking back then what does it mean to embrace the commodity economics of Open Source but also what's up the stack in the same way that Microsoft was up the stack from the world that IBM was familiar with um what's up the stack from software and so there was this mental model that everybody had uh that looked a little bit like this illustration where uh we had a system assembled from commodity components We've Ended up with a proprietary operating system and proprietary applications and proprietary chip inside that commodity uh layer and the free and open source software Advocates uh had this Vision that was using exactly the same metaphor except in their world we'd end up with Linux and open Office replacing windows and Microsoft Office we'd accept cheap commodity PCS they weren't really concerned about Open Source Hardware and I guess they thought well chips are hard so it's okay that um uh that Intel is still inside of our future of Linux taking over the world I had a different idea based on the internet application stack and what I saw was the pattern repeating that there was uh an integration of commodity components in this case software uh and there was a new proprietary software as a service layer you can see the age there Google was out Amazon but uh Google Maps was not there Map Quest was my example eBay was an example this is before the era of of of uh social networking um and then there were people like navtec and Network Solutions who had figured out to have a proprietary data layer inside that uh gave them some level of uh of dominance of course Google later came along and broke that dominance uh but the the the metaphor was you know there there was a pattern there but we had to expand the frame to think about it a little bit differently and so the kill wraps of the New Millennium again you can see the the age I you know by the companies and I went back and get these slides but the the you know completely true all of these were not in fact didn't look like PC applications they were something very very different that's kind of what led me to uh talk about web2 so I was out there saying to the open source guys hey look this is what the open source application platform looks like commodity Intel Hardware there an Internet Protocol stack and then there was this term that became popular for a while called Lamp Linux Apache MySQL PHP and then platform agnostic client front ends IE web browsers right um but there was a paradigm failure you know um because even though these applications were being created by open source developers and run on an open source platform the source code was not distributed so Richard's for freedoms didn't apply you know in fact I had a debate with Richard in 1999 in which I said look Richard if I gave you all the source code to Google tomorrow you would not be able to run Google you know it's fundamentally different kind of software and uh you know you'd have to have uh all kinds of business processes that are running constantly you'd have to have people to do that you'd have to have a thousands of machines millions of machines now um and so uh and and Richard's comment was well it's not running on my computer so it doesn't matter doesn't affect the issue of freedom and I think um you know he was just wrong and I think he's recognized that since the whole idea that you could control uh software by licenses uh became not not completely obsolute but certainly challenged by this new paradigm of software a service and of course the value uh was increasingly driven by the data uh and the participation in these internet scale applications of course they were all proprietary so I said see we had this huge open movement and it led to new value capture by a new set of proprietary people at a different layer and I I said um uh you know so let's think about uh open source Beyond licensing let's think about what's really going on here and I I came up with this model back then 2003 uh where I gave this talk where I talked about the three C's we're talking about the commoditization of software we're talking about user customizable systems and architectures and we're talking about Network enabled collaboration and of course um you know and a key other point was this wonderful framing that Klay Christensen came up with at about the same time uh which he called the law of conservation of attractive profits he and I sort of had a mind meld uh we both spoke at at the same conference and and I gave my talk about this stack and he gave his talk about this and we said oh we're talking about the same thing but he says when attractive profits disappear at one stage in the value chain because a product becomes modular and commoditized the opportunity to earn attractive products profits with proprietary products will usually emerge at an adjacent stage really important principle and really worth thinking about for all of us in in businesses that are in transition and of course this is what we saw happen you know the open source era did not actually lead uh to a world in which free software uh replaced proprietary software instead uh free software became a platform on which we built uh new proprietary Empires uh with these being four of the uh the leading contenders at the moment um so going back to my old advice to the open source Community I said what do we need to do we need to use commodity software components to drive down prices for users we need to give customers increased opportunity for customization we need extensible architectures we need to provide open data web services and we need to leverage collaborative development processes and participatory interfaces and that advice still seems pretty good to me a decade later um and I also took as key lessons the idea that an architecture of participation means that your users help to extend your platform uh low barriers to experimentation mean that the system is hacker friendly that is anybody can uh innovate interoperability means that one component or service can be swapped out if a better one comes along you know so in terms of of uh Linux there are a lot of Alternatives you know if you don't like PHP uh use uh Pearl if you don't like Pearl use Ruby if you don't like python you know Ruby use Python you know so there there's Alternatives um and the lockin comes because others depend on the benefit from your services not because you're completely in control and uh you know the the the lockin that Google has for example as a search engine uh isn't because they made you sign a proprietary license it's just that they've got better search uh Facebook uh has lock in because your friends are there and going to another Network where your friends aren't doesn't actually help very much um so different different model so now of course we get to the part where hopefully I can give you some advice about open course whereare based on that Longo thinking about open source you know first off I just want to remind you to think as I've tried to do at a Riley about what it is that you really do as Educators as has uh institutions that offer credentials to people about uh what they've learned and what their skills are um as researchers as a repository of the world's knowledge uh it's so important if you want to be Innovative and if you want to escape what clay Christensen calls the innovators dilemma uh to think about what job you do for your customers for your students for your stakeholders and not just to think about how you do that job today but what it is and why you do it and I I think clearly that uh impulse was a key part of uh the founding of the open course Weare initiative you saw that your job was to spread knowledge and that you could do this in a new way and you were bold enough to uh try to do that uh great first step uh but it's super important to keep thinking about that keep thinking about the way the world is changing so key lesson from open source is this idea of smaller pieces and modular design you know if I have uh you know one critique of open course Weare is that it has a lot of Heritage that comes with it the heritage of a world in which students assemble in one place uh for an extended period of time uh where they get instruction over a fixed uh period And so you design a course uh partly around the constraints of the environment in which it is taught I've wrestle with this in in book publishing you know we we captured knowledge in a particular way uh because that was how you distributed it you you couple hundred pages of text you bound between covers uh defined a certain length of learning unit hasn't necessarily held up as we've gone forward so this lesson of small pieces of modular design from open source turned out to apply uh for knowledge as well so take Wikipedia you know uh the reason why Wikipedia has been so remarkably successful has partly to do with the fact that it has an atomic structure in which every article is on a small narrow topic you know here for example the article on MIT open courseware it's also got a relatively standardized design there are certain features of every page and so for example when you start a new one you can start with a stub page that kind of tells you uh how to fill it out and uh you know so that's that's kind of an interesting lesson there this is uh the the idea of of short and small is clearly evidenced by YouTube uh there's actually a huge amount of instructional video on YouTube Here's a a a video put out by Make magazine which we publish it's got something like 178,000 views and it's so just a little project how to make a bike light you know out of LEDs whatever it's um five minute video but there's many things you can learn on on YouTube I had a wonderful experience in uh Italy eating uh fish baked consult and I said wow I want to make that quick search on YouTube Chef showed me how to do it in 3 minutes and uh the folks at Google say that you know viewership falls off radically after five minutes of a YouTube video right so it turns out that the the magic unit of teaching in video is five minutes or less uh you know Ted I think has done pretty well to push it out to 18 to 20 minutes but it's not the unit of the 45 minute lecture it's not the unit of uh the semester long course and so there's some challenges to uh how we think about how people learn uh that's not to say that there you know isn't a role for the larger unit I just think that we all have to rethink our assumptions about what that role might be how Central it is and how to make what we do more modular more engaging U because successful as open courseware is I guarantee you that U uh people are learning in new ways outside the university uh from all kinds of informal mechanisms and that is in fact the biggest challenge today and the biggest opportunity uh for Education uh here's another instructional site this one actually is uh one that I'm an investor in so I should disclose that St called instructables.com and they have similar very simple small uh instructional uh module design simple it's literally pictures with captions you know and it's mostly how-to content um uh but you know usually practical uh Con Academy you know five minute videos very simple uh you guys have obviously I'm sure you've heard about this but what do we see here they've got something like 2,000 videos and uh saying here see if I can read it yes 52 million lessons delivered and this is in about two years so they're extraordinarily successful with this sort of small format now you might say gosh well they don't have anything like the depth that we have in our courses at MIT and yet my own experience in publishing has been that sometimes we take ourselves to to seriously in thinking of the value that we add and so I want to give you kind of an example of this uh this a site which is probably the biggest competitor to what we do at a Riley with our technical books called stackoverflow.com and it's simply a question and answer site and uh people post questions like I look at this uh you know uh they're they're incredibly down in the weeds you know compute altitude and Asma from CM attitude using either roll pitch and Y or curnon or rotation Matrix binding numeric keypad keys with emac 2.4 and Mac OS 10 uh you know is there a tool to visualize a grail's web flow you know so it's just really and it's it's completely participatory anybody can post questions people vote them up people answer them and uh here's what I kind of want to show you is we have this you know the three lines here the bottom are uh O'Reilly Safari Books online which is actually extraordinarily successful business for us I don't mean to uh uh malign and and the open courseware initiative and up above the line that's way up above uh us is U is stack Overflow this is a traffic graph from compete.com you know so users are visiting this site in huge numbers because it meets their needs if you've got a certain amount of context uh you can jump right to the answer and next lesson is to develop in public you know I think uh this goes back to Eric Raymond's Cathedral and the bizaar uh the cathedral model you develop something and periodically you unleash it on the world uh the most successful free and open source projects literally are developed in public uh the most uh great model to go study is a site called GitHub which is really a social coding site uh moment is hosting something like two million projects uh from uh 700 7 736 th000 people uh sharing the development and it has a lot of really great tools for this kind of public work and people are starting to use it for other projects we're actually engaged in a project with GitHub to figure out how to use it for uh developing books in public Wikipedia you know one of the things that most people who are outside the Wikipedia Community don't realize is that there is a talk page associated with every Wikipedia entry you know where people can discuss can argue and I just pulled up the Osama bin leaden page because it sort of got a lot of recent activity uh but they develop in public every you know um Wikipedia page is actually using the same tools as software development where changes are uh put under revision control you can actually revert a page you can actually see the history you can there's actually people have done animations of the evolution of of Wikipedia Pages um some fascinating work there uh uh but it's it's all done in public may not be perfect but it's a model of community engagement in the development of these modular products uh this a wonderful site again for understanding these Dynamics called Olo uh which looks at the participatory dynamics of different open source projects and so for example the Linux kernel I think they mentioned over the last 12 months 284 Developers contributed code to the last release of the colonel so you know again the metrics are public the participation is public you actually have on Olo they actually show who is making those changes and you can drill down and see uh what people have done you know so this this this real focus on not just on the project but on the people who are part of it uh this active mailing list there's a wonderful site called Mark mail uh that allows you to data mine all of the mailing lists that are often associated with open source projects and you can kind of look at this graph of the participation in the Linux kernel something like a 100,000 messages a month uh in this mailing list makes it or this set of mailing lists because it's really broken down to several and so you really want to think social and in in the design of open courseware provide affordances for community and give you an example from instructables uh obviously every instructible has space for comments uh but they also provide this little um window popped up there it's from lower down on the page uh is an example of what I mean by affordances and of course there's no better site to look at for affordances than Amazon uh they're they're such a great example of a company that early on in the history of the web understood how to add participation to something that was not inherently participatory you know in my early advocacy on web2 uh I you know there were two companies that I told people to study and they were Google and Amazon uh Google because they were not obviously participatory you know I mean you know how could how you in fact it was an early site that was listing web2 companies and they didn't list Google as a web2 company because they didn't exhibit participation and I was like God these guys just don't aren't thinking deeply enough uh because of course Google's fundamental Insight page rank was of participation it was that a great way to rank Pages was to look at what people did how people linked to them and to do a citation graph and um you know because before that search engines just used Brute Force search on the text and Google actually took this social Dynamic and use it to produce better search results they also became experts at mining user behavior and so for example their uh AdWords product was more successful than anybody else doing search word advertising because they did intense algorithms to predict which ads people would click on and they figured out that unlike Microsoft and Yahoo who were selling to the highest bidder that you could often sell to the second or third highest bidder and get more Revenue because if the second or you knew that the second or third uh highest bid for an ad was going to get clicked on more often you know three times $5 is more than one times $10 and they became usually successful as a result of that social Dynamic Amazon took something that didn't seem at all um social and made it intensely social you know they featured you know they they gave you lots of opportunities to comment but more importantly they actually gave you results based on what people did on the site and I remember early on trying to I used to illustrate a search on JavaScript which is a subject in one of our books on Amazon versus Barnes & noble.com and it was it was really kind of interesting because Amazon searches uh were always listed in the order of most popular uh you know and they use as as an algorithm for most popular they didn't even just use sales they used the number of reviews the ranking that people gave product uh the amount of activity you know where people uh referenced it in other ways the number of people who referred to it from outside they used all these complex algorithms to say this is the one that people care about in much the same way that Google did and meanwhile over on Barnes & Noble at the time I remember Barnes & Noble had their own publishing operation in computer books and when you did search for JavaScript what came up first was their book you know and there was no wonder that Amazon won so back back to this slide of Instructables these are a lot of the kind of features that you'd see on an Amazon you know ratings comments uh but there's also this idea that I kind of hinted at on Olo which is that the contributors are called out so in this particular case this instructible is one of 13 by the same uh contributor and you can follow his you can follow him just like you can follow somebody on Twitter you can say oh I like this one I want to see the next time he posts one right so again think about the social aspects of uh of what you do in open course whereare and try to build you know if if this open thing is actually about Network enabled community and network enabled collaboration think about how to enable not just more collaboration um but also more Community uh that may mean actually having Community managers maybe mean figuring out uh that for particular courses there is an opportunity to do uh development uh that goes beyond a single institution I think there's a lot of uh work to be done there to Think Through how you can work together with uh with other institutions in this regard a small uh comment about a courseware initiative that I find really fascinating in my original um training was in Classics and uh it's a wonderful uh story about a group called sasus which is the Greek word meaning uh householding together living together uh and it is the second largest Classics Department in the country after the University of Texas ahead of Harvard turns out it's a collaboration between 21 small Southern colleges each of whom has a one or two Classics professors and they figured out that if they only had uh one Professor all they'd ever get to do was teach introductory courses uh so they banded together and it was sort of like okay you teach introductory Greek this this quarter I'm teaching theocritus right but what happened is and they did this with Team teaching with networking and so on originally it was just conference calls and then later they got more sophisticated technology but what they found was that they started evolving how they taught they started saying hey let's have debates you know so they get professors from different institutions who had different opinions about the topic and so instead of simply saying oh you teach yours and I'll teach mine they said hey let's teach this together' and I think that's I think a really interesting Frontier in terms of of community I think it's also you know how do you bring in uh engagement with the students into the development of the course so kind of I guess my biggest uh message there is is thinking about the success of open really means thinking about participation and so I'd urge you not just to measure how many people download or view your courses but how many people contrib to them and how uh they work together design them to be extensible figure out how people can add to them uh whether that's simply by comments or whether it's by literally saying here's additional material uh that might be relevant for this course uh here's the connection between this course and some other course that may appear to be unrelated uh you know here's this course at this institution and there's some great material from a related course from another institution you in the history of Open Source software and the history of the internet small pieces Loosely joined is really the key to the magic and I really urge you to explore that as you think about the future of open courseware uh the last thing I want to just say is um this idea this is a a motto that we use at O'Reilly is to create more value than you capture and clearly you guys have done that uh you know it's a wonderful gift that you have given to the world and when we talked about open source software I was really influenced early on by this book called The Gift by Lewis Hyde and Eric ramid also talked about gift cultures in one of his essays in the cathedral in the bazaar and in a gift culture status comes not from we have or what we get but from what we give away and by giving away its courses uh MIT has immeasurably enhanced uh it value to the world has in immensely enhanced its value to itself uh has created this value and I just I applaud you for it and I urge you to keep thinking about how to take it Forward uh into the 21st century uh because the world is changing the world is changing in wonderful new ways and we have an opportunity to build on uh what we've all done in the past to reinvent in my case publishing uh in your case the university and so let's think not just about this as an expression of uh releasing what you do now uh to the world but think about how open courseware can actually drive your thinking about the future of the University think also and just remember also you know why universities were created and make sure that what you do fulfills your mission which is not just about MIT but which is about making the world a better place and uh let open courseware help guide that mission thank you I know where we are on very on time we started a bit early uh I you know I can either do Q&A or depending on the will of the organizers we can uh stop let just Q okay I'm told Q&A if anybody has questions feel free looks like maybe we I've stunned you all into incomprehension come on JSP you gotta have something for me yeah I'll put them up on slid share which is actually another fabulous site that followed in your foot footsteps and and made it possible for people making presentations like this to share them with the world but actually seeing you John uh if you guys you guys many of you probably know John cely Brown uh his uh recent book The Power of pull is a fabulous read for anyone who wants to think about the future of Education uh you know one of the big trends that we've observed in our work as Publishers and Educators is uh what John has so aptly called The Power of pull uh the shift from a push education model in which uh you know teachers or Publishers in my case are pushing things out to a world in which students are able to seek out uh information from disparate sources in which they're able to assemble their own um support team to teach them things if you haven't read that book I I I really recommend it because it's a fabulous illustration of you know some fun fundamental new dynamics that the internet has enabled that are really upending the world of Education okay now I've okay you got a question back hereo can you talk about code for America and what um I know you're on the involved in that and how that got started and um the kinds of projects that they're doing all right that's okay it's a little far a field but happy to do that so um you know in the last couple years the focus of my technology activism has been uh around something that by extension of web2 I started calling go2 which was trying to figure out how to help government uh apply the principles of web2 to the way it operates and there were kind of two key ideas that I came up with because for a lot of people thought oh you know what we really have to do is just get government to use social media you know so you see the White House on Twitter or using YouTube or Facebook and that's great but I thought this a more profound lesson and and it was really to frame the idea of government as a platform because we have this wonderful teachable moment right now in the computer industry because of the way the iPhone is transforming uh the cell phone market uh the way that um the way that uh government develops software or any kind of program is a lot like the way that phone companies develop their phones you know you get in the room with a couple of Smart Companies some contractors you put out in RFP you develop some features and then here it is take it or leave it and apple did something radically different they built a phone yes that had fabulous new features but then they made it extensible they built a platform layer and suddenly phones have 300,000 applications instead of a dozen or a 20 you know and um that platform thinking is so Central to the idea of Open Source so Central to the web and I think it is Central to the future of the University as well kind of this idea of extensibility that I was mentioning earlier anyway so I I started preaching this to government uh you know and and you know there are some great examples of government acting as a platform probably the the the most urant one is is the GPS system you know the Air Force put this up for their purposes but they made this you know it was actually Reagan who originally made this decision it didn't wasn't implemented until Clinton because the system wasn't finished uh to um open the GPS system to civilian use you know without that we wouldn't have you know Google Maps giving us directions on our phones you know we wouldn't have so many fascinating features of the modern world I like to say Ronald Reagan is the father of for square um and uh anyway so so I started talking about this platform thinking and uh one of the people I worked with Jen paa came up with the idea of uh of setting up a nonprofit to kind of help governments adopt this kind of platform thinking to open up their data to build new lightweight services to use um um uh to use the existing platforms of the internet to extend government services and so she started this nonprofit based on uh the ideas of Teach for America except it's with Geeks so Teach for America for geeks uh you know developers designers uh other computer professionals give a year of Public Service to go work with cities and actually turns out now the federal government they have a project with the Department of Labor to build a a job site for veterans uh it was kind of amazing that was a uh a federal procurement that was in the tens of millions of dollars and this guy from Department of Defense who used to work at Google said there's something really wrong with this project it's as if we wanted to get our veterans from Washington to Boston and we're talking about what gauge the tracks are going to be how many railroad ties we need where are we're going to get the locomotives and I'm asking them why aren't you just buying Amtrak tickets and uh you know his idea was that this all these lightweight tools already out there why isn't the government just using the stuff that's already there as opposed to building it all again from scratch and so uh he reached out to us and code for America's doing that so it's it's basically smart Geeks working on public service projects and it's it's uh I guess it's I'm not sure what the relevance is to this audience but it's it's a fabulous project getting great traction right back here yeah when you were talking about jsb's book for maybe the 12th time in your comments you were implying something I thought about the ability of Institutions to control uh events to anticipate what people want and provide those things in the future and I was wondering if you could just go straight at that question as to what all of the things you're talking about about today have to do with traditional hierarchies um and what the implications for new kinds of combinations are what does this mean for control I think that's a really really good uh Point uh one of the you know fabulous implications of open architectures is that uh anyone can start something and uh they're all equal you know so if you look at the this architecture of the internet uh it was I had a really great experience back in the early 90s um the web had not yet caught on it was maybe 1994 I mean there were those of us who were early enthusiasts uh were all excited about it and uh I was at a talk given by Craig Mundy uh no actually I take it back it was Nathan mold at the Esther Dyson's PC forum and Nathan was waxing eloquent about the uh the Microsoft network which was sort of a proprietary service a lot like AOL and he he made this wonderful illustration about he he he said here's a graph of all the documents created in the world and uh there's a very few documents that are read by millions of people there millions of documents read by one or two people and there's this really interesting space in the middle and that's what the Microsoft network is about and in the during the Q&A I said um yeah but you know Nathan you know I got approached by the Microsoft network and they wanted us to pay $50,000 to become a preferred public lisher and so on and so forth and meanwhile this's this thing over here called the worldwide web where all you have to do is download your free software and and uh put it up on your own and see if people come and and uh I I think that's the future and you know he didn't see it at the time but uh um it turned out to be the case because anybody could add anything to the worldwide web for that matter uh the worldwide web itself uh was added to the internet and Tim burner's Lee didn't have to ask anyone's permission and that not having to ask permission is is fundamental um you know people can add anything to um stack Overflow as I mentioned they can add anything to YouTube uh and that is one of the Dynamics that's changing the world because some things become uh important that doesn't mean that that um you know kind of the credentialing function of a university isn't important uh you know when uh you know we're seeing this in media uh you know I talked to a producer of uh of Hollywood movies recently and he said yeah we're we're definitely mining YouTube for talent now and certainly you know New York Publishers are mining the self-publishing stream that's coming out of Amazon um uh for for talent um so you know there is a bottomup thing that happens and you know there still is is a role for the credentialing power of a a university but I think it actually you know puts a focus on that credentialing power and what that means and how you do that and it would really suggest that one of the things that you know a university should focus on is certainly you know instruction but also on how you add value to the reputation of the instructor how you add value to the in to the reputation of the student uh and a um I should probably uh phrase this carefully because it involves uh people who are associated with MIT so I'll leave the names out uh but I have I run an informal uh unconference so to speak called science Fu camp foo standing for friends of O'Reilly and uh we have a lot of famous scientists there and uh but it's it's a conference in which people show up there's no program uh we just have blank boards and people propose whatever they want to talk about um and I watched an interaction in the Halls uh between a famous uh Professor uh at this institution and he was uh talking to somebody who didn't know what he did and the um said oh that's just like what so and so does and he was a little taken aback because this the famous so and so who he was being compared to was one of his students and the student was really well known because of his presence on the internet and the professor much less so and so you know as we do have new forms of credentialing in which uh for example uh giving a well-regarded test talk maybe bestow as much status as being a professor at MIT we have to think about well how would the university you know add value something we think about all the time at O'Reilly you know being an O'Reilly author uh you know used to really mean something you know it's like wow I published this book and we look forward to a future in which for example where you know printed books may be going away and what's the difference between you know having something branded O'Reilly versus something self-published uh we've got to think a lot about about how we add value to somebody's association with us and not just by you know reputation but by actually helping more people to see it you know I mean one of the reasons why uh you know giving a TED Talk has such status is because hey millions of people see it you know and uh so that's one one thought about that I I think also you know I think there's also a huge um Dimension to think about and like what would the farm team look like you know how would you figure out uh you know what was an upand cominging subject that ought to be taught here you know how would you figure out what are the you know emerging technologies that are going to be more important in the future that ought to get more play um you know one of the problems with with existing institutions is they have an inertia they have um people who are vested in their current subject I was recently talking to uh someone who's a Dean at uh at UC Berkeley about her desire to merge her school with another school and yeah made total sense to me to anybody you know why the information school and the journalism School ought to go together uh because uh hey uh that's the future of Journalism but yet the journalism school doesn't see it that way because they have kind of a backwards looking uh vision of um of what their institution does so I guess my main point is think a lot about the future think a lot about the way things are changing hey um so I love your suggestion that um moving forward we should be thinking about how to make open course Weare more modular and more participatory um and as you've discussed a lot of pieces go into that um some of that is code and functionality of of web services um some of that is licensing um and some of that is perhaps community outreach um so I'm just wondering if you could talk a little bit more about what that looks like in terms of how universities and organizations go about implementing such systems um and also how it um how it looks on the users end or the developers end you know I guess what I would start with you know might be to figure out uh sort of a coreware light solution you know are there sort of you know some kind of MIT Affiliated courses uh that are not you know kind of the part of the formal curriculum but uh perhaps smaller lighter weight add that you kind of bring in uh you know I I can't imagine but there aren't um professors here who are teaching um you know in in context outside of their normal you know full course or who could be persuaded to try to build small um you know little side uh presentations um that would be useful to people you know I I just try I just try I try to experiment I try to let you know I I actually probably what I would do is I would create sort of a courseware layer where students can teach courses um and you know maybe short courses and see what they would come up with that would give you both that that farm team layer of uh you know what are people finding interesting but I'd also look at uh uh you know I'd look at some of the main subjects that are getting a lot of traction in uh in the you know viewership of of open course whereare and I'd ask yourself uh you know how could we create a space where people could contribute additional material uh you know uh reach out to the Alumni network uh would be another thing that might be really interesting um pose challenges or problems you know there's a whole aspect you see in a lot of these sites of Community Management you know where you you you know people are are going and stirring the pot and saying hey we need some more material on this subject you know here's a here's a course that hasn't dealt with this latest subject you know there's some new discoveries in this area and we need some new material on this and you get a single lecture um that supplements something that's uh you know the fundamental course um speaking of existing institution I came down the street from haror um and if you get a chance to sit with without president how would you convince her to join our neighbors at toughs MIT and UMass Boston in this open courseware project um because you may know we have a much longer history yeah um uh it's an interesting question um you know um no actually I shouldn't I I'm going to restrain myself I was thinking of a of a Dorothy parter witticism Dorothy Parker witticism but it's quite inappropriate uh I don't know what would I say I I would U I would say that uh yeah it's better it's better to be part of the future than to be part of the past uh there's a u famous story about uh a a famous Athenian General named ailos who was the son of a Shoemaker and when he was in school he was tormented by his uh aristocratic schoolmates who who pointed out quite rightly that uh he was the uh the son of a cobbler and he said well all I can say is that you know my line begins with me while yours ends with you so uh not say that Harvard is coming to to to an end but I think all of us need to remember uh that the world is changing and uh you know it's really important to get with the future thank you all right thank you thank you very much Parting Gift oh thank you an Antiquated piece of technology oh I hey this is not Antiquated I I love books all right thank you