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Chemical properties: so let's put something up as a hypothesis. Let's say, well, maybe it has to do with the energy that it takes to remove electrons. And, one other thing that I failed to point out, if you take a look at the energies associated with the outermost electrons, in this case, lithium, you see it's 0.5 megajoules per mole, and then what's the 6.26? That's associated with one, n equals one, inner shell. There is a huge difference between the energies in the outermost shell and the inner shells, which tells you that it's unlikely that any electrons except those in the outermost shell are going to be active. The inner electrons are so tightly bound that they are for all intents and purposes, immobilized when it comes to reactivity. Again, boron is a good example. Look, 0.8, 1.36. This is 2p. This is 2s. Yeah, they're different but they are roughly on the order of about 1 MJ per mole. If you go down to 1s, it's 20 MJ per mole. So, t...

How do neurons send chemical signals to neighboring neurons? Why do you wear a jacket in the winter? Why do some animals have circulatory systems? These questions depend on random walks and diffusion. In this video, using a very simple model, you will learn the fundamental difference between a regular and a random walk, and be able to predict the consequences of that difference for biophysical systems. This video is part of the Probability and Statistics video series. Many events and phenomena are probabilistic. Engineers, designers, and architects often use probability distributions to predict system behavior. Hi, my name is Sanjoy Mahajan, and I'm a professor of Applied Science and Engineering at Olin College. Before watching this video, you should be familiar with moments of distributions and with concentration gradients. After watching this video, you will be able to: Describe the difference between regular and random walks. And, explain the structure of Fick'...