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[SQUEAKING][RUSTLING][CLICKING] RICHARD DE NEUFVILLE: Right. Richard de Neufville here again. Pleasure to talk with you, and for this session, I'm going to talk about porcupine graphs. It's all part of this topic of the forecast being always wrong, not every single time, but in general, we can't count on it being right. And we just expect it, the reality that we face during the-- our project lifetime is not what we anticipated. Now, what's a porcupine graph? Well, let me first describe what a porcupine animal is in case you don't know it or haven't seen it. The porcupine is a North American animal. It maybe exists elsewhere also. I think it does, but I'm not an expert in the area. But the important thing about a porcupine is that it is an animal, four-footed, small, about the size of a small dog, and it has a lot of spikes on it that go up from its back. And as you can see in this example here, they go all back in a variety of ways in many diff...

[SQUEAKING][RUSTLING][CLICKING] DAVID HSU: Hi, everyone. Welcome back to the MIT Lecture Series on Urban Energy Systems and Policy. Today, we're going to be talking about cities and personal transportation, the first of a number of lectures on transportation and energy systems in cities. Again, if you've been watching these lectures, my name is David Hsu. I'm an associate professor of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT. Today, we're going to talk about energy and personal transport. Again, the materials assigned for the lecture today, a lot of them are available online if you search around. And the main questions I want to talk about today are, why is personal mobility important in terms of energy. We're going to talk about why or whether or not electric vehicles are more efficient than internal combustion engine cars. We're going to ask by how much, and is this the same in all places. We're going to talk about other kinds of vehicles such as bi...

[SQUEAKING][RUSTLING][CLICKING] FRANK SCHILBACH: All right, so welcome. This is lecture 21 of 14.13. We're going to talk about poverty, as seen through the lens of psychology. What are we going to do? I'm going to give you some broad overview. We're going to particularly talk about this work on scarcity by Mani et al., which is the idea that thinking-- our thoughts about poverty captures people's minds, which in turn leaves less capacity in people's minds to do other things. And then we're going to talk a little bit at the end, at least briefly, about other deprivations that poverty entails. Some of this is what I have done. Some of this work by others. So I want to start with a simple observation that is sort of at the heart of a lot of this literature. And the observation is that when you look around in the world and look for evidence, and when you work on poverty-related issues, you'll see or observe quite a few seemingly suboptimal behavior...